Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Hydrogeological regions and locations of hot springs in Mongolia.
- Fig. 2.
Geological setting of the hot spring area in the Mongolian Altai range.
- Fig. 3.
Piper diagram of the major chemical compositions of hot springs in the Mongolian Altai region.
- Fig. 4.
Gibbs diagram for hot springs in the study area.
- Fig. 5.
X-ray diffraction analyses of rock samples.
- Fig. 6.
Na–K–Mg ternary diagram (Giggenbach 1988).
- Fig. 7.
Conceptual model for geothermal water (Chikhertei).
Tables
Geothermometer Equation (T in °C) Reference Quartz Fournier (1977) Quartza Fournier (1977) Chalcedony Arnorsson (1983) Chalcedony Fournier (1977) (a), adiabatic.
ID T, °C pH ORP, mV TDS DO Na K Ca Mg HCO3 CO3 CI SO4 SiO2 F IEB, % Mg l–1 GM1 30.4 9.21 40.0 127 0.07 45.4 1.23 2.02 0.22 41.6 23.5 17.8 8.91 46.7 9.86 0.121 GM2 24.5 9.18 59.1 145 0.03 45.4 1.23 2.21 0.22 47.3 22.4 13.7 10.7 48.2 7.31 0.054 CH1 22.0 9.22 43.3 221 0.53 68.6 1.84 5.33 0.42 72.6 15.1 7.70 68.3 64.5 2.97 0.133 CH2 23.8 9.26 51.9 230 0.01 71.8 1.83 2.50 0.24 74.6 15.2 7.31 66.1 61.1 1.27 0.291 CH3 21.3 9.11 50.6 259 0.30 71.1 1.75 2.00 0.49 68.7 17.8 9.62 61.5 64.2 3.16 0.041 CH4 24.7 9.14 44.7 225 0.40 73.6 1.86 3.22 0.41 78.0 15.9 8.11 67.4 60.9 1.99 0.016 CH5 24.7 9.13 52.6 225 0.40 71.4 1.89 2.81 0.54 79.4 12.5 7.14 67.9 60.4 4.12 0.045 AC1 31.0 9.00 28.8 187 0.31 38.4 1.22 2.80 0.10 50.5 18.6 3.41 14.5 51.6 4.82 0.066 AC2 35.0 8.60 30.6 188 0.28 32.9 1.02 3.20 0.16 48.7 14.6 2.62 12.9 49.5 4.05 0.148 AC3 32.0 8.65 35.8 174 0.44 34.5 1.20 2.80 0.10 48.1 15.7 2.30 14.5 45.3 2.82 0.014 IN1 25.0 8.40 124 725 0.45 196 12.5 24.2 1.22 110 8.65 47.7 322 75.6 6.2 0.080 IN2 28.0 8.32 127 698 0.61 186 15.2 22.2 1.22 91.5 6.12 47.7 319 69.2 2.54 0.022 Na K Ca Mg HCO3 SO4 CI Si Na 1.00 K 0.96 1.00 Ca 0.96 0.98 1.00 Mg 0.93 0.90 0.89 1.00 HCO3 0.76 0.56 0.59 0.67 1.00 SO4 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.92 0.70 1.00 CI 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.59 0.93 1.00 Si 0.85 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.90 0.83 0.65 1.00 f(X) = 0.96
Samples GM1 GM2 CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 AC1 AC2 AC3 IN1 IN2 Albite 7.59 8.13 8.31 8.11 8.07 7.99 7.81 6.65 6.56 6.07 6.81 6.56 Alunite −6.55 −4.77 −2.29 −3.22 −2.71 −3.14 −3.61 −7.51 −5.96 −7.95 −2.19 −2.64 Anhydrite −1.9 −1.8 −0.84 −1.12 −1.29 −1.06 −1.09 −1.47 −1.26 −1.32 0.21 0.21 Calcite 2.34 2.37 2.62 2.39 2.18 2.4 2.32 2.41 2.28 2.23 2.6 2.44 Fluorite 2.56 2.45 1.93 0.88 1.59 1.31 1.9 2.15 2.17 1.81 2.98 2.14 Gibbsite 1.23 1.65 1.98 1.75 1.75 1.66 1.49 0.56 0.79 0.08 0.71 0.51 Gypsum −1.66 −1.49 −0.51 −0.08 −0.94 −0.75 −0.79 −1.23 −1.07 −1.09 0.51 0.48 Halite −4.94 −5.04 −5.18 −5.19 −5.06 −5.14 −5.21 −5.73 −5.89 −5.92 −4.05 −4.08 K-feldspar 8.54 9.14 9.32 9.1 9.09 8.97 8.8 7.66 7.5 7.11 8.11 7.93 K-mica 16.6 18.0 18.8 18.2 18.1 17.9 17.4 14.4 14.7 12.9 15.1 14.5 Kaolinite 7.97 8.99 9.47 8.97 9.07 8.82 8.49 6.63 7.11 5.83 7.02 6.6 Quartz 2.33 2.43 2.34 2.32 2.38 2.34 2.34 2.33 2.34 2.42 2.38 2.38 Sample ID Major elements, % SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O MnO P2O5 CH 75.5 0.213 12.5 2.34 1.15 0.290 3.05 3.92 0.033 0.067 GM 75.3 0.176 12.7 2.54 0.74 0.411 4.50 2.57 0.036 0.034 IN 70.2 0.352 13.8 3.04 2.27 0.712 3.42 3.75 0.062 0.119 AC 69.3 0.355 13.6 4.32 2.69 1.23 2.78 2.41 0.077 0.086 Minor elements, mg kg–1 Ba Cs Rb Sb Sr Zn Zr V Se Cr CH 386 48.0 190 40 176 18.0 64.0 25.1 30.0 43.0 GM 289 39.0 80.2 40 116 48.2 104 16.2 30.0 39.0 IN 936 42.0 132 40 425 32.3 164 35.0 53.0 39.0 AC 235 30.0 199 40 70.2 18.1 36.0 15.3 30.0 33.0 Normative minerals Volume norm, % CH GM IN AC Quartz 39.41 36.37 29.67 30.16 Plagioclase 31.85 42.95 41.01 38.26 Orthoclase 24.53 16.14 23.93 23.94 Corundum 0.89 0.83 0.19 0.04 Hypersthene 2.85 3.36 4.45 6.86 Ilmenite 0.24 0.19 0.39 0.39 Magnetite 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.17 Apatite 0.14 0.06 0.23 0.18 CO3(w) Ca(w) Cl(w) HCO3(w) K(w) Mg(w) Na(w) SO4(w) Al2O3(r) CaO(r) Fe2O3(r) K2O(r) MgO(r) MnO(r) Na2O(r) P2O5(r) SiO2(r) TiO2(r) CO3(w) Ca(w) −0.36 Cl(w) −0.21 −0.60 HCO3(w) 0.92 −0.12 −0.57 K(w) −0.91 0.52 0.28 −0.90 Mg(w) 0.01 −0.89 0.89 −0.31 −0.09 Na(w) 0.46 −0.98 0.41 0.28 −0.67 0.77 SO4(w) −0.89 0.38 −0.15 −0.67 0.66 −0.21 −0.39 Al2O3(r) −0.45 0.92 −0.25 −0.35 0.72 −0.65 −0.98 0.30 CaO(r) −0.41 1.00 −0.61 −0.16 0.55 −0.88 −0.97 0.46 0.90 Fe2O3(r) 0.09 0.87 −0.56 0.22 0.21 −0.84 −0.84 −0.12 0.83 0.83 K2O(r) −0.76 −0.05 0.04 −0.60 0.41 0.14 0.05 0.90 −0.14 0.04 −0.53 MgO(r) −0.06 0.88 −0.40 0.04 0.39 −0.75 −0.90 −0.06 0.91 0.84 0.98 −0.48 MnO(r) −0.24 0.95 −0.43 −0.10 0.52 −0.79 −0.97 0.15 0.97 0.92 0.95 −0.30 0.98 Na2O(r) 0.10 −0.70 0.95 −0.29 0.02 0.90 0.53 −0.44 −0.36 −0.73 −0.51 −0.22 −0.40 −0.48 P2O5(r) −0.72 0.87 −0.47 −0.44 0.70 −0.70 −0.85 0.79 0.77 0.90 0.51 0.46 0.55 0.70 −0.70 SiO2(r) 0.41 −0.96 0.36 0.27 −0.66 0.74 1.00 −0.31 −0.99 −0.95 −0.87 0.13 −0.93 −0.98 0.47 −0.80 TiO2(r) −0.50 0.99 −0.48 −0.28 0.65 −0.81 −0.99 0.48 0.95 0.99 0.81 0.05 0.85 0.94 −0.62 0.91 −0.97 (w), water; (r), rock; f(x) = 0.91
Sample ID Average Quartz(1) Quartzad(2) Chalcedony(3) Chalcedony(4) CH 96.2 111 110 82.2 81.6 GM 82.4 96.8 98.2 68.2 66.5 IN 106.4 121 119 92.6 92.8 AC 84.4 98.8 100 70.1 68.6 (1, 2, 4) Fournier (1977); (3) Arnorsson (1983); ad, adiabatic.
Sample ID Reservoir temperature (°С) Water circulation depth (m) CH 96.2 3070 GM 82.4 2615 IN 106 3410 AC 84.4 2680
Hydrogeochemical characteristics and geothermometry of hot springs in the Altai region, Mongolia
